第五届亚洲美术馆馆长论坛各国馆长发言内容
李兴宰 韩国 韩国全罗北道立美术馆馆长
发言提纲：博物馆作为一种城市发展战略的角色
一座城市如同一个活着的生物体，其不停生长和发展，同时经历着源自其周围环境的自然、社会、经济和政治影响。在提供一个紧贴日常生活的基础文化环境，并成为社区居民的生活空间方面，这座城市起着重要的作用。然而，随着时间的流逝，一些转变会导致大量城市问题的产生，例如，由于快速的经济发展和工业化进程，人口向大都市集中，这些会导致城市空间结构的混乱。
在这种情况下，促进经济发展成为恢复一座城市所承载的各项功能的一种方式。然而，在解决城市中身体、社会和经济问题的借口下，很多复兴计划被不顾一切地进行下去。美国城市批评家J. Jacobs评论说，有些复兴项目中显示出来的老套的设计和冷冰冰的环境是现代主义者对一座城市的面貌的总体看法。
另一方面，在欧洲，比起雄心勃勃地扩张或建造，人们在保持着现有城市的结构及其建筑的同时，更看重的是让城市重新活跃起来，这一点我们可以在开始于20世纪70年代的德国的小心翼翼的《城市复兴计划》（Behutsame Stadtemeurung）中看到。他们更相信质变，而不是数量的发展，可以真正地让一座城市的功能复兴。在所有的事物中，艺术和文化成为新的事物，不同国家开始基于艺术和文化产业重建其城市。
文化和社会发展之间的联系
如今，经济、社会和文化价值都被关联起来。因此，我们可以从文化活动及其结果中汲取经济、社会和文化价值。实际上，文化在整个社会中创造出各种效应。从经济的角度来看，在创造新的工作岗位、增加收入和促进投资等方面，文化能够作出贡献。从社会的角度来看，在改善环境、提高社会凝聚力和增加社会资本方面，文化也起到了作用。从文化的视角来考虑，居民的身份得到巩固，文化价值得到扩展，并且文化多样性得到促进。
全世界都出现了有关文化方面的各种政策，用来在文化的延伸性效应的基础上，使其社会一体化，并复兴整个地区。英国的文化、媒体和体育部制定和促进了各项政策，并得到了积极实施，因而文化能够对其社区的整合产生作用。该部从四个方面强调文化的重要性——文化和就业，文化和健康，文化和教育，文化和预防犯罪。最近，该部还实施了一系列政策，诸如“文化导向复兴、文化复兴、文化和复兴”以复兴落后地区。
在此类“文化导向复兴”中，文化活动提供了解决问题的关键，并成为带来地区复兴的引擎。其结果显示出这些活动的积极影响，例如当地社区的凝聚力得到增强，地区的身份和形象得到提升。
作为文化空间的博物馆
博物馆是一种社会产品，由于其周围环境随着时间而改变，诸如社会、经济、文化、教育和福利的改变，博物馆的社会角色和功能也经历着各种变化。如今，博物馆已经成为紧密联系日常生活的一个地方。大多数博物馆提供了各种各样的艺术形式，诸如表演、电影、各种教育文化节目，并举办特殊的展览以满足其参观者的不同需要，从而提供了放松和社交的空间。博物馆的这些变化表明，作为一种综合的文化空间，博物馆同社会和经济生活发生了联系，并同其所在的社会进行了交流——一个博物馆不再只是关于艺术和文化。
博物馆在日常生活中扮演着积极的角色。后现代的博物馆超出了其现代功能，诸如展示艺术，如今还有责任促进人们的艺术敏感度，并对社会发展作出贡献。通过举办各种活动，博物馆不仅吸引了更多的参观者，还能对游客发出邀请并鼓励其在城市里花更多的钱，而这些效应对当地经济的发展起着一定的作用。博物馆还能让当地居民更加重视文化，并加强城市的品牌价值，提升国家的正面形象。博物馆的文化效应还在不同领域产生着影响。这表明博物馆是文化战略的核心。
博物馆和榜样促进城市发展
随着工业化成为新的趋势，欧洲很多小而繁华的城市不得不着经济衰退后面对萧条。欧洲国家试图建造文化基础设施，以给予城市更多的能量，并且随着文化空间得到构建，由于当地文化得到复兴，城市再次变得充满活力。毕尔巴鄂和伦敦就是著名的范例。
凭借其造船厂和重工业，毕尔巴鄂曾经是一个富足的城市，但是它在20世纪80年代的经济衰退之后崩溃了。自治社区政府试图通过使其成为“文化之城”而找到出路，而其中的一项策略就是将古汉根博物馆请入该城。超过1亿美元的巴斯克地区的社会资本被投入该项目；1997年10月，古汉根博物馆在毕尔巴鄂开放。毕尔巴鄂发展成为一座“文化之城”，其成功源自于巴斯克政府有效政策和博物馆的结合。
随着其国家影响力的退步，英国决定开展所谓的千年项目，并着手建造泰特现代艺术馆，这是其计划的一部分。泰特现代艺术馆是世界上最大的美术馆，位于泰晤士河边。自从开放以来，泰特现代艺术馆就已经成为伦敦的文化中心，并对后现代艺术的普及作出了巨大贡献。旧发电厂周围的麻烦地区充斥着无家可归者和罪犯，对于政府来说，将其转变成后现代艺术的主要核心曾是件令人头疼的事。
从这两个案例我们可以看出，政府的组织和积极支持正是成功背后的原因。这表明，由于需要巨大的资金投入项目，因此需要政府进行积极支持、有序准备和专业规划。此外，这些空间的建造也使得当地居民能够轻易进入博物馆。政治的支持提升了居民们对于身份和自豪感的认知，并帮助这些空间能够一直拥有众多来访者，并吸引到大批游客。其巨大作用不仅仅在于当地的旅游产业和经济，还在于城市的整体环境和形象。
在韩国，光州主要积极尝试发展该城市的文化。1995年创办的光州双年展如今正引领着亚洲艺术的全球化。在光州市博物馆的发展过程中，其创建了一些分馆，并通过管理国际创意工作室和在首尔市中心开办美术馆，履行了其作为艺术和文化中心的角色。总而言之，艺术不仅是城市的一部分。它还可以是改变城市的能量。这就是我们依靠博物馆将文化和艺术整合并提供城市发展战略的理由。
The role of museum as a strategy of urban development
A city is like a living organism that grows and develops ceaselessly while going through natural, social, economic, political influences originated from its surroundings. Such city plays a significant role providing a basic cultural environment that is closely connected with our daily lives as well as being a space for communities of people to live within. However, transitions through time such as concentration of population into major metropolises due to rapid economic development and industrialization are inducing a number of urban problems as they tend to cause chaotic changes among urban space structures.
Under the circumstances, redevelopment has been taking place as means of restoring various functions that a city assumes. However, many redevelopment plans have been proceeded rather recklessly under the pretext of solving physical, social and economic problems established in the city. American urban critic J. Jacobs remarked that stereotyped designs and impersonal environments shown in some redevelopment projects are modernists' general idea of how a city should be.
In Europe, on the other hand, it is considered more important to revive the city while maintaining the structures of the existing city and its architecture than through aggressive expansion or construction as we can see in the careful 'Urban Revival Plan(Behutsame Stadtemeurung) which began in Germany since 1970's. They believed the qualitative changes, rather than quantitative development, can truly revive the functions of a city. Of all things, as art and culture becomes the new, various countries started to rebuild their cities based on art and culture industries.
Connection between culture and social development
Today, economic, social and cultural values are all connected. Therefore we can draw economic, social and cultural values from cultural activities and their results. Culture actually creates various effects throughout a whole society. From economic point of view, culture contributes in creating more employment, increasing income and promoting investments. From social point of view, culture contributes in improving the environment, promoting social cohesiveness and capital. Considering cultural point of view, identity of the residents is fortified and cultural values proliferate and cultural diversity is promoted.
Various culture-based policies are taking place in the world to integrate its society and revive the region based on the extensive effect of culture. United Kingdom has been practising various policies actively developed and promoted by the Ministry of Culture, Media and Sports so that culture can contribute to the unification of its communities. The ministry emphasizes the importance of culture in 4 categories-culture and employment, culture and health, culture and education, culture and prevention of crime. Recently, the ministry is also applying policies such as 'culture-led regeneration, culture regeneration, culture and regeneration' to revive regions that are left behind.
In such 'culture-led regeneration', cultural activity provides the key and becomes an engine in regenerating the region. The results show the campaign's positive effects such as enhanced social cohesiveness within local communities and improved identity and image of the region.
Museum as a cultural space
Museum is a social product and its social role and function went through various changes as its surroundings such as society, economy, culture, education, welfare changed through time. Today, museum has become a place connected closely with everyday lives. Most museums provide space to relax and socialize as providing comprehensive arts such as performance, movies, various educational culture programs and opening special exhibitions to satisfy the various needs of their viewers. Such changes in museums suggest that museum is connected with social and economic life as a comprehensive cultural space and communicates with its society-a museum is not only for arts and culture anymore.
Museum plays active roles in everyday lives. Postmodern museums transcending its modern function such as exhibiting art, are now responsible for promoting artistic susceptibility of the people and contributing to social development. By providing various programs, museums not only attract more viewers but invite tourists and promote them to spend more money while in the city-and such influence has certain effect on local economy. Museum also helps local residents to be more culture-oriented and enhances the city's name value and promotes positive image of the nation. Cultural effect of museum takes place in various categories. It suggests that museum is the very core of cultural strategy.
Urban development through museums and role models
As industrialization became the new trend, many small yet prosperous cities within Europe had to face stagnation after economic depression. European countries tried to build cultural infrastructure to give the city more energy, and as cultural spaces were built, the city became fully energetic again as local culture was revitalized. Well-known examples include Bilbao and London.
Bilbao was an affluent city with its shipyards and heavy industry, but it collapsed after economic recession in 1980's. The autonomous community government tried to find its way out by becoming 'a city of culture', and one of the strategies was to invite the Guggenheim museum into the city. Over a hundred million dollars of social fund of Basque region was put into the project and in October 1997, Guggenheim museum opened in Bilbao. Bilbao developed into 'the city of culture' owing its success to the collaboration of effective policies of Basque government and the museum.
As its national influence went downhill, United Kingdom decided to promote so-called Millenium Project, and began to build Tate Modern as a part of the plan. Tate Modern, the biggest gallery in the world, opened by the Thames. Since its opening, Tate Modern became the center of the culture of London and contributed a great deal in popularizing postmodern art. The troublesome area surrounding the former power plant filled with homeless people and criminals that gave the government quite a headache turned into one of the major cores of postmodern art.
As we can see in both cases, organized and active support of the government was behind the success. It suggests that active support of the government, organized preparation and professional planning are required since tremendous fund is put into the project. Also they built the space so that local residents can easily access the museum. It promoted the residents' idea of identity and pride, and helped the space to be constantly packed with visitors and thus attracting more tourists. It had a great effect not only in local tourism industry and local economy but also overall environment and image of the city.
In Korea, Gwangju most actively tried to develop into the city of culture. Gwangju Biennale established in 1995 is now leading the Asian art into globalization. Gwangju City Museum opened a few branches along the way and fulfilled the role of the center of arts and culture by managing international creation studio and opening a gallery in the center of Seoul. In conclusion, art is not just a part of a city. It can also be the energy to change the city. It is the reason why we count on the museum to bring the culture and art together, and furthermore, to provide a strategy to develop the city.
